Ethics and organizational performance before and during COVID-19 in Mexican hospitals within urban areas / Ética y desempeño organizacional antes y durante COVID-19 en hospitales mexicanos dentro de áreas urbanas

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the differences in the perception of ethical decision making, organizational ethical climate, and organizational performance, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by some health professionals in public and private hospitals in urban areas in Mexico. Materials and Method: 68 health professionals answered a survey using the snowball sampling technique. This digital structured survey evaluated the demographic characteristics of respondents and 3 dimensions (constructs) divided in 53 items: ethical decision making, organizational ethical climate, and organizational performance, before the COVID-19 pandemic (year 2019) and during the pandemic (year 2020-2021). To compare the differences of the dimensions before and during COVID-19, the t-test was carried out for dependent samples. Results: In the ethical decision making and organizational ethical climate dimensions, there were no statistically significant differences in the averages before and during the pandemic. In relation to the organizational performance there is a statistically significant difference in the averages before and during the pandemic, with a decrease in performance. Conclusions: This research contributes to literature on healthcare service management suggesting to acknowledge that, in an adverse environment, the decision making process based on ethics and an ethical climate should be maintained in the organizations to avoid a more dramatic fall in performance.

Resumen Objetivo: El propósito de este artículo es analizar las diferencias en la percepción de la toma de decisiones éticas, clima ético organizacional y desempeño organizacional, antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19, en algunos profesionales de la salud de hospitales públicos y privados del área urbana de México. Materiales y Métodos: 68 profesionales de la salud respondieron una encuesta utilizando la técnica de muestreo de bola de nieve. Esta encuesta estructurada digital evaluó las características demográficas de los encuestados y 3 dimensiones (constructos) divididas en 53 ítems: toma de decisiones éticas, clima ético organizacional y desempeño organizacional, antes de la pandemia de COVID-19 (año 2019) y durante la pandemia (año 2020-2021). Para comparar las diferencias de las dimensiones antes y durante el COVID-19, se realizó la prueba t para muestras dependientes. Resultados: En las dimensiones toma de decisiones éticas y clima ético organizacional, no se presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los promedios antes y durante la pandemia. En relación al desempeño organizacional existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los promedios antes y durante la pandemia, con una disminución en el desempeño. Conclusiones: Esta investigación contribuye a la literatura acerca de la gestión de servicios de salud sugiriendo que, en un entorno adverso, la toma de decisiones basada en la ética y un clima ético deben mantenerse en las organizaciones para evitar una caída más dramática en el desempeño.

Effects of different cognitive tasks on gait performance during dual-task walking in patients with stroke / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of cognitive types on dual-task paradigm gait performance in patients with stroke.Method:Using a cross-sectional study design, patients with stroke were trained with single task walking and dual-task walking with four different cognitive tasks (spontaneous speech [SS], serial counting backward [SCB], word list generation (WLG), and auditory Stroop [AS]). A three-dimensional gait and motion analysis system were used to record and analyze gait data, and calculate dual-task effect (DTE) for different cognitive tasks, and compare the differences in spatiotemporal parameters and DTE of gait analysis under different states.Results:A total of 35 patients with stroke (aged 61.0±2.5 years) were included, among which 27 were males (77.1%). There were 25 patients with ischemic stroke (71.4%) and 10 patients with hemorrhagic stroke (28.6%). Compared with single task walking, patients had decreased gait speed, shorter step length on the affected side, and a larger support phase ratio of the unaffected to the affected side during SCB dual task and SS dual task (all P<0.05), and the difference was more obvious during SCB dual task ( P<0.05). Compared with single task walking, patients had a reduced swing phase ratio of the unaffected to the affected side during SCB dual task (all P<0.05). The DTEs of gait speed, step length of the affected side, and the support phase ratio of the unaffected to the affected side during SCB dual task and SS dual task were significantly greater than those during WLG dual task and AS dual task ( P<0.05). The DTEs of gait speed and step length of the affected side during SCB dual task were significantly greater than that during SS dual task (all P<0.05). The DTE of the swing phase ratio of the unaffected to the affected side during SCB dual task was significantly greater than that during other types of cognitive tasks (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Different cognitive tasks had different effects on gait performance during dual-task walking in patients with stroke, and the degree of dual-task interference was associated with specific task types.

Clustering e Switching nos testes de fluência verbal em crianças do ensino fundamental I com e sem dificuldade de aprendizagem / Clustering and Switching on verbal fluency tests in elementary school children with and without learning difficulties

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho nos testes de Fluência Verbal Semântica e Fonêmica em relação aos componentes cognitivos de clustering e switching e explorar as mudanças no desenvolvimento no ensino fundamental. Método Participaram 68 crianças do 2º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental I de uma escola pública do município de Santo André, divididas em dois grupos, Dificuldade de Aprendizagem (DA) e Desenvolvimento Típico (DT). Resultados Os testes de Fluência Verbal foram comparados para o número de clusters, tamanho médio dos clusters e número de switches. Todas as variáveis comparadas mostraram uma pontuação estatisticamente significante maior para o teste de Fluência Verbal Semântica. Foram realizadas as médias e desvios-padrão das mesmas variáveis para efeito de ano e grupo em ambos os testes. Foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante apenas para o número total de clusters no teste de Fluência Verbal Semântica para efeito de grupo, com o melhor desempenho do grupo DT. Observou-se correlação alta no total de acertos em ambos os testes de Fluência Verbal com o número total de clusters e número de switches. Além disso, foi observada correlação entre o total de acertos com a média de tamanho dos clusters apenas no teste de Fluência Verbal Fonêmica. A análise de regressão linear apresentou maior variância para o número total de clusters, o tornando mais preditivo para o desempenho em ambos testes de Fluência Verbal. Conclusão Os testes de Fluência Verbal podem ser sensíveis e preditivos para a identificação de possíveis diferenças no desempenho escolar associados à leitura.

ABSTRACT Purpose Evaluate the performance in the Semantic and Phonemic Verbal Fluency tests in relation to the cognitive components of clustering and switching and explore the changes in development in elementary school. Methods Participants were 68 children from the 2nd to 5th grade of elementary school of a public school in the municipality of Santo André, divided into two groups, Learning Difficulty (LD) and Typical Development (TD). Results The Verbal Fluency tests were compared for the number of clusters, mean size of the clusters, and number of switches. All variables compared showed a statistically significant higher score for Semantic Verbal Fluency. Means and standard deviations of the same variables for year and group effect were realized in both Verbal Fluency tests. A statistically significant difference was observed only for the total number of clusters in the Semantic Verbal Fluency test for group effect, with the best performance of the TD group. A high correlation was observed between the total number of correct answers with the total number of clusters and number of switches in both Verbal Fluency tests. In addition, a correlation was observed between the total number of correct answers and the mean size of the clusters only in the Phonemic Verbal Fluency. Linear regression analysis showed greater variance for the total number of clusters, making it more predictable for performance in both verbal fluency tests. Conclusion Verbal Fluency tests may be sensitive and predictive for the identification of possible differences in school performance associated with reading.

Evaluación del nivel de independencia para la realización de actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria en una comunidad de personas vulnerables / Avaliação do nível de independência nas atividades instrumentais de vida diária numa comunidade em vulnerabilidade / Evaluation of the level of independence for the performance of instrumental activities of daily living in a community of vulnerable people

Resumen Introducción Los cambios o deficiencias estructurales y/o funcionales que presentan las personas con discapacidad pueden limitar o comprometer su interacción, para la realización o el cumplimiento de actividades personales o sociales, convirtiéndolas entonces en personas vulnerables. Para la evaluación, el terapeuta ocupacional debe valorar varios factores que pueden ser considerados como riesgo de mayor vulnerabilidad como: edad, género, nivel educacional, condiciones económicas, ocupación, condición física o mental y presencia de comorbilidades entre otras. Objetivo Evaluar nivel de independencia para la realización de actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD) en individuos pertenecientes a una comunidad de personas vulnerables. Método Se aplicó el Índice de Lawton y Brody en adultos y adultos mayores, que tenían o referían algún tipo de discapacidad, recolectando además una serie de datos que fueron procesados y analizados en la plantilla de cálculo en Microsoft Excel 2020®. Resultados El 74,2% mostró un elevado nivel de dependencia para desarrollar las AIVD, con predominio en adultos. El 70,7% poseían carné o certificado de discapacidad, con una correlación negativa moderada entre el porcentaje de gravedad y el nivel de independencia. La artritis reumatoidea fue la enfermedad que con mayor frecuencia estuvo vinculada a la perdida de la independencia. Conclusión Resulta posible detectar tempranamente el nivel de dependencia y la presencia de discapacidad, mediante la aplicación del Índice de Lawton y Brody, determinando limitaciones funcionales para realizar AIVD en una comunidad de personas vulnerables.

Resumo Introdução As mudanças estruturais e/ou funcionais que as pessoas com deficiências apresentam podem limitar ou comprometer sua interação para o desempenho ou realização de atividades pessoais ou sociais, tornando-as assim vulneráveis. Para avaliação, o terapeuta ocupacional deve avaliar vários fatores que podem ser considerados como um risco de maior vulnerabilidade, tais como: idade, sexo, nível educacional, condições econômicas, ocupação, condição física ou mental e presença de comorbidades, entre outros. Objetivo Avaliar o nível de independência na realização de atividades instrumentais de vida diária (IADLs) em indivíduos pertencentes a uma comunidade de pessoas vulneráveis. Método O Lawton e Brody Index foi aplicado a adultos e pessoas mais velhas que tinham ou relataram algum tipo de deficiência, coletando uma série de dados que foram processados e analisados no modelo de cálculo Microsoft Excel 2020®. Resultados 74,2% mostraram um alto nível de dependência para realizar IADLs, com predomínio de adultos. 70,7% tinham um cartão ou certificado de deficiência, com uma correlação negativa moderada entre a porcentagem de gravidade e o nível de independência. A artrite reumatoide foi a doença mais frequentemente ligada à perda de independência. Conclusão É possível detectar precocemente o nível de dependência e a presença de deficiência, aplicando o Lawton e Brody Index, determinando limitações funcionais para realizar IADLs em uma comunidade de pessoas vulneráveis.

Abstract Introduction The structural and/or functional changes or impairments presented by people with disabilities can limit or compromise their interaction, for the performance or fulfillment of personal or social activities, making them then vulnerable people. For evaluation, the occupational therapist must assess several factors that can be considered as a risk of increased vulnerability such as: age, gender, educational level, economic conditions, occupation, physical or mental condition, and presence of comorbidities among others. Objective To evaluate the level of independence in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in individuals belonging to a community of vulnerable people. Method The Lawton and Brody Index was applied to adults and older adults who had or reported some type of disability, collecting a series of data that were processed and analyzed in the Microsoft Excel 2020® calculation template. Results 74.2% showed a high level of dependence to develop IADLs, with a predominance in adults. 70.7% had a disability card or certificate, with a moderate negative correlation between the percentage of severity and the level of independence. Rheumatoid arthritis was the disease most frequently associated with loss of independence. Conclusion It is possible to detect early the level of dependence and the presence of disability, through the application of the Lawton and Brody Index, determining functional limitations to perform IADLs in a community of vulnerable people.

Mental toughness and physical fitness tests of boxing athletes associated with big five personality factors / Testes de resistência mental e aptidão física de atletas de boxe associados aos cinco grandes fatores de personalidade

ABSTRACT The present study related to boxing athletes' mental toughness and physical fitness performances with Big Five Factors. For this, the sample was composed of eleven recreational boxers who competed at the state level and were regularly training (technical and tactical) 4 times a week during the evaluation period. The 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI) measures the Big Five dimensions of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion and the 14-item Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) were applied with Strength, Power, and Endurance Tests, Pearson and Spearman's correlations were used to verify the association between BFI, physical and mental tests, respectively, p≤.05. Our results demonstrated that significant and strong correlation between agreeableness factor and sit-ups test, with 40.85±12.36 freq./min (r=.72, p=.02) and, in SMTQ, a strong correlation between Neuroticism and Control [10(9;12) score, r=.76, p≤0.01], Constancy [10(9;12) score, r=.84, p≤0.01] and Total SMQT [37(34;37) score, r=.84, p≤0.01]. In conclusion, these results suggest that Neuroticism factors are associated with mental toughness, while the agreeableness factor is related to muscular endurance capability. Mental toughness and endurance results are associated with boxers' personalities whose drive motivates them relentlessly towards success and promotes thriving in boxing training environments or during championships.

RESUMO O presente estudo relacionou a resistência mental e o desempenho da aptidão física de atletas de boxe com os cinco grandes fatores. Para isso, compuseram o presente estudo onze boxeadores recreativos que competiram em nível estadual e estavam treinando regularmente (técnico e tático) 4 vezes por semana durante o período de avaliação. O Big Five Inventory (BFI) de 44 itens mede as dimensões de Conscienciosidade, Amabilidade, Neuroticismo, Abertura e Extroversão e o Questionário de Resistência Mental Esportiva (SMTQ) de 14 itens foram aplicados com Testes de Força, Potência e Resistência, Pearson e as correlações de Spearman foram utilizadas para verificar a associação entre IMC, testes físicos e mentais, respectivamente, p≤0.05. Nossos resultados demonstraram correlação significativa e forte entre o fator de amabilidade e o teste de abdominais, com 40,9±12,4 freq./min (r=0,72, p=0,02) e, no SMTQ, uma forte correlação entre Neuroticismo e Controle [10 (9;12) pontuação, r=0.76, p≤0,01], Constância [10(9;12) pontuação, r=0.84, p≤0,001] e total SMQT [37(34;37) pontuação, r= 0.84, p≤0,001]. Em conclusão, esses resultados sugerem que os fatores de neuroticismo estão associados à resistência mental, enquanto o fator de amabilidade está associado à capacidade de resistência muscular. Os resultados de resistência mental e resistência estão associados à personalidade dos boxeadores, cuja motivação os impulsiona implacavelmente para o sucesso e promove o sucesso em ambientes de treinamento de boxe ou durante campeonatos.

Impact of different evaluation methods for diagnostic tasks in panoramic radiography / Impacto de diferentes métodos de evaluación durante el diagnóstico en la radiografía panorámica

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the observers diagnostic performance in panoramic radiography using monitor, tablet, X-ray image view box, and against window daylight as a visualization method in different diagnostic tasks. Thirty panoramic radiography were assessed by three calibrated observers for each visualization method, in standardized light conditions, concerning dental caries, widened periodontal ligament space, and periapical bone defects from the four first molars; mucosal thickening and retention cysts in maxillary sinus; and stylo-hyoid ligament calcification and atheroma. A five-point confidence scale was used. The standard-reference was performed by two experienced observers. Diagnostic values using window light were significantly lower for caries and periapical bone defect and retention cyst, stylo-hyoid ligament calcification detection (p<0.05). For atheroma detection, X-ray image view box, tablet, and widow light had lower accuracy than the evaluation on the monitor (p<0.05). Observers diagnostic performances are worsened using window light as an evaluation method for panoramic radiography for dental, sinus, and calcification disorders, while the monitor was the most reliable method.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desempeño diagnóstico de los observadores en la radiografía panorámica utilizando monitor, tablet, caja de visualización de imágenes de rayos X y contra la luz del día de la ventana como método de visualización en diferentes tareas de diagnóstico. Treinta radiografías panorámicas fueron evaluadas por tres observadores calibrados para cada método de visualización, en condiciones de luz estandarizadas, con respecto a caries dental, espacio del ligamento periodontal ensanchado y defectos óseos periapicales de los cuatro primeros molares; engrosamiento de la mucosa y quistes de retención en el seno maxilar; y calcificación y ateroma del ligamento estilohioideo. Se utilizó una escala de confianza de cinco puntos. La referencia estándar fue realizada por dos observadores experimentados. Los valores diagnósticos con luz de ventana fueron significativamente menores para caries y defecto óseo periapical y quiste de retención, detección de calcificación del ligamento estilohioideo (p <0.05). Para la detección de ateroma, la caja de visualización de imágenes de rayos X, el tablet y la luz de viuda tuvieron una precisión menor que la evaluación en el monitor (p <0.05). El rendimiento diagnóstico del observador empeora al utilizar la luz de la ventana como método de evaluación de la radiografía panorámica para los trastornos dentales, de los senos nasales y de la calcificación, mientras que el monitor fue el método más fiable.

Honeycomb: a template for reproducible psychophysiological tasks for clinic, laboratory, and home use

Objective: To improve the ability of psychiatry researchers to build, deploy, maintain, reproduce, and share their own psychophysiological tasks. Psychophysiological tasks are a useful tool for studying human behavior driven by mental processes such as cognitive control, reward evaluation, and learning. Neural mechanisms during behavioral tasks are often studied via simultaneous electrophysiological recordings. Popular online platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and Prolific enable deployment of tasks to numerous participants simultaneously. However, there is currently no task-creation framework available for flexibly deploying tasks both online and during simultaneous electrophysiology. Methods: We developed a task creation template, termed Honeycomb, that standardizes best practices for building jsPsych-based tasks. Honeycomb offers continuous deployment configurations for seamless transition between use in research settings and at home. Further, we have curated a public library, termed BeeHive, of ready-to-use tasks. Results: We demonstrate the benefits of using Honeycomb tasks with a participant in an ongoing study of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder, who completed repeated tasks both in the clinic and at home. Conclusion: Honeycomb enables researchers to deploy tasks online, in clinic, and at home in more ecologically valid environments and during concurrent electrophysiology.

Efeito das restrições no desempenho do saque do voleibol: o papel do nível de experiência / Effect of constraints on volleyball service performance: the role of the experience level

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo é investigar como o desempenho do saque do voleibol de sujeitos com diferentes níveis de experiência é influenciado pela interação de diferentes restrições. Participaram do estudo 36 voluntários do sexo masculino (16,44 ± 0,50 anos) alocados em dois grupos em função do nível de experiência. Os participantes executaram 10 tentativas do saque do voleibol em cada uma das quatro condições experimentais. Foram manipuladas uma restrição relacionada à dificuldade da meta e outra relacionada ao ambiente físico para execução da tarefa. O desempenho do saque por cima do voleibol foi avaliado por meio de uma lista de checagem do padrão de movimento e da precisão ao alvo. Os resultados demonstraram que o grupo experiente manteve o desempenho em todas as condições, enquanto o grupo inexperiente apresentou menor consistência da precisão nas condições com restrição física e pior escore do padrão de movimento na condição de maior dificuldade da meta em interação com a restrição física. O nível de experiência exerceu maior influência no desempenho do que as demais restrições. Uma possível explicação é que ela é uma restrição capaz de maximizar a forma como o sujeito explora as informações disponibilizadas pelas demais restrições.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to investigate how the volleyball service performance of subjects with different levels of experience is influenced by the interaction of different constraints. The study included 36 male volunteers (16.44 ± 0.50 years) allocated into two groups according to the level of experience. Participants performed 10 attempts of the serve volleyball in each of the four experimental conditions. One constraint related to the difficulty of the goal and another related to the physical environment for the execution of the task were manipulated. The performance of the overhand volleyball serve was assessed by means of a movement pattern checklist and of the accuracy to target. The experienced group maintained performance in all conditions, while the inexperienced group showed less consistency of accuracy in conditions with physical constraint and worse score of the movement pattern in the condition of greater difficulty of the goal in interaction with physical constraint. The level of experience had a greater influence on performance than the other constraints. One possible explanation is that it is a constraint capable of maximizing the way that the subject explores the information available by the other constraints

Respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica de atletas a pequenos jogos no basquetebol ­ uma revisão de escopo / Tactical-technical, physical, and physiological responses of athletes during basketball small-sided games ­ a scope review

Esta revisão de escopo objetivou verificar as respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica de atletas a pequenos jogos (PJ) de basquetebol. Utilizou-se o método Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses ­ Extension for Scoping Reviews. Dois pesquisadores realizaram a busca eletrônica em seis bases de dados, em inglês, português e espanhol. Os critérios de inclusão foram: a) ser artigos científicos publicados em periódicos revisados por pares; b) incluir atletas de basquetebol a partir da categoria sub-12 (minibasquete), competindo em qualquer nível e c) apresentar dados relacionados à resposta física, fisiológica ou tático-técnica dos jogadores. Encontrou-se 34 estudos sobre o efeito agudo dos PJ, que investigaram, principalmente, a influência da alteração do número de jogadores, da área de jogo, da razão estímulo/pausa e das regras. Alguns estudos compararam as respostas de jogadores com diferentes características (e.g., antropométricas) aos PJ. A diminuição do número de jogadores e o aumento da área por jogador parecem aumentar as respostas física e fisiológica e o número de ações tático-técnicas individuais. Maiores durações da série de PJ e menores durações da pausa entre séries parecem aumentar a resposta fisiológica e diminuir a intensidade da resposta física dos jogadores. Diferentes regras influenciam as respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica. Os quatro estudos sobre os efeitos crônicos dos PJ reportaram aumentos no desempenho aeróbico, de agilidade e tático-técnico após treinamento com PJ. Os estudos indicam que os PJ elevam o desempenho físico e tático-técnico de atletas de basquetebol e que diferentes características dos PJ levam a respostas tático-técnica, física e fisiológica distintas. (AU)

This scope review aimed to verify the tactical-technical, physical, and physiological responses of basketball players during basketball smallsided games (SSG). We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses ­ Extension for Scoping Reviews. Two independent researchers searched six electronic data bases for scientific papers published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. The inclusion criteria were: a) scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals; b) participants should be basketball athletes belonging to the under-12 category (minibasketball) or older competing at any level; and c) present data regarding players' tactical-technical, physical, or physiological responses to basketball SSG. We found 34 studies on the SSG acute effect (acute response). These studies mainly investigated the influence of modifying the number of players per team, the playing area, the work-to-rest ratio, and the rules. Some studies compared the responses presented by players with different characteristics (e.g., anthropometrics) to the SSG. Decreases in the number of players and increases in the area per player seem to increase the physical and physiological responses and the number of individual tactical-technical actions. Longer SSG bouts and shorter rest intervals seem to increase the physiological response and decrease the intensity of the physical response. Different rules influence the tactical-technical, physical, and physiological responses. The four studies on the chronic effects of basketball SSG found increases in the aerobic, agility, and tactical-technical performances after SSG training. Studies indicate that SSG training can increase physical and tactical-technical performances of basketball athletes and that different SSG characteristics lead to distinct tactical-technical, physical, and physiological responses. (AU)

Comunicación interna y desempeño laboral en profesionales sanitarios peruanos durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Internal communication and job performance in Peruvian health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Fundamento La comunicación interna dentro de una organización garantiza que los trabajadores realicen sus actividades de manera eficaz; lo cual, en el contexto salud, se traduce en priorizar el bienestar y la calidad de vida del paciente. Objetivo determinar la relación entre la comunicación interna y el desempeño laboral en profesionales sanitarios peruanos durante la pandemia COVID-19. Métodos estudio descriptivo correlacional, realizado con la participación de 100 profesionales del departamento Materno-infantil de un hospital público de Chimbote, Perú. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos de recolección de datos mediante cuestionarios en línea de google, correspondientes a las variables comunicación interna y desempeño laboral. La información fue registrada y procesada mediante estadística descriptiva, a través de frecuencias y porcentajes. Se utilizó el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 26, y se consideró una confiabilidad de 95 % para la correlación bivariada de Pearson. Resultados el desempeño laboral de los profesionales del departamento Materno-infantil manifestó un nivel alto (51 %), y el de comunicación interna fue medio (57 %). En el análisis por dimensiones, se encontró relación directa y significativa entre descendente y desempeño laboral, así como también entre responsabilidad y comunicación interna. Conclusión el nivel de comunicación interna fue medio, adecuado con respecto a la situación de pandemia COVID-19, y se relacionó de forma directa y significativa con el desempeño laboral en los profesionales sanitarios peruanos que participaron en el estudio.

ABSTRACT Background Rationale: Internal communication within an organization ensures that workers carry out their activities effectively; which, in the health context, translates into prioritizing the patients´ well-being and quality of life. Objective to determine the relationship between internal communication and job performance in Peruvian health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods descriptive correlational study, carried out with the participation of 100 professionals from the maternal-infant department of a public hospital in Chimbote, Peru. Two data collection instruments were applied using online Google questionnaires, corresponding to the variables internal communication and job performance. The information was recorded and processed through descriptive statistics, through frequencies and percentages. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program version 26 was used, and a reliability of 95% was considered for Pearson's bivariate correlation. Results the work performance of the maternal and child department professionals showed a high level (51%), and that of internal communication was medium (57%). In the analysis by dimensions, a direct and significant relationship was found between descending and job performance, as well as between responsibility and internal communication. Conclusion the level of internal communication was medium, adequate with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic situation, and was directly and significantly related to job performance in the Peruvian health professionals who participated in the study.

Identificação de papéis ocupacionais em atletas do esporte adaptado / Identification of occupational roles in adapted sport athletes

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo tem por objetivo descrever os papéis ocupacionais desempenhados pelos atletas da Associação dos Deficientes Físicos do Paraná - ADFP. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa observacional transversal. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais estruturadas com base em uma Lista de Identificação de Papéis Ocupacionais - LIPO, na qual a amostra contou com os atletas vinculados a 6 modalidades oferecidas pela ADFP. Resultados Participaram 37 atletas, com predominância do sexo masculino, cuja média de idade foi de 39 anos e o tempo de prática variou entre 1 mês e 25 anos. Destaca-se com significância os papéis ocupacionais de cuidador, membro da família e religioso sobre o desempenho do esporte. Conclusão A pesquisa contou com boa adesão dos participantes, o que tornou possível verificar os papéis ocupacionais na vida dos atletas e a dinâmica de relação destes com seu desempenho no esporte. Da mesma forma, ressalta-se a necessidade de fomentar pesquisas relacionadas à temática, visto a incipiência de literatura nacional.

Abstract Objective The present study aims to define the occupational roles played by athletes from the Paraná Association of Physically Disabled - ADFP. Method this is cross-sectional observational quantitative research. Individual interviews were carried out based on the Occupational Roles Identification List - ORIL, where the sample included athletes linked to the 6 modalities offered by ADFP. Results The participants were 37 athletes, predominantly male, whose average age is 39 years old and the practice time varies between 1 month and 25 years. The occupational roles of caregiver, family member, and religious regarding the performance of the sport are highlighted with significance. Conclusion The research had good participation by the participants, which enabled us to verify the occupational roles in the lives of the athletes and the dynamics of their relationship with their performance in the sport. Likewise, the need to encourage research related to the theme is emphasized, given the incipience of national literature.

Tactical rule and pitch size change the physical and technical performance of young soccer players during small-sided games / A regra tática e o formato do campo mudam o desempenho físico e técnico de jovens jogadores de futebol durante jogos reduzidos

Abstract The present study examined the effects of small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs) manipulating tactical rules (ball-possession [BP] vs goal-scoring with goalkeepers [GS]) and pitch size (square [SP] vs rectangular [RP]) on the running performance and technical skills of young soccer players. Ten male soccer players (chronological age: 12.45 ± 0.51 years; body mass: 41.99 ± 7.97 kg; height: 152.85 ± 10.03 cm) were monitored using GPS units during SSCG formats. The distance covered at different running intensities and number of technical actions were used in analyses. SSCG-induced changes in 30 m sprint and CMJ performances were also evaluated. Compared to BP, GS elicited significantly lower distances covered at low intensity running (p=0.003; d=-0.95), more sprints (p=0.050; d=0.67), and longer distances covered in terms of walking (p=0.035; d=2.60) and sprinting (p=0.029; d=0.75); (ii) number of passes (short [p=0.002; d=1.10] and long [p=0.013; d=0.82]) were more frequent during BP than GS games, while RP game format allowed for greater occurrence of long passes (p=0.036; d=0.64) than under the SP condition; (iii) jumping and sprinting performance did not change (p>0.05) using different SSCG formats. In conclusion, GS games demand more sprint running episodes in terms of number and distance covered than BP games. In addition, RP game formats can be used to increase the occurrence of longer passes in young soccer players aged 11-13 years.

Resumo O estudo examinou os efeitos de diferentes jogos reduzidos e condicionados (JRC): manipulando as regras táticas (posse de bola (BP) vs. marcar gols com goleiro (GS)) e o formato do campo (quadrado vs. retangular) sobre o desempenho físico e técnico em jovens jogadores de futebol. Dez jogadores do sexo masculino (idade: 12,45 ± 0,51 anos; massa corporal: 41,99 ± 7,97 kg; altura: 152,85 ± 10,3 cm) foram monitorados através do sistema de posicionamento global e os JRC gravados em vídeo. A distância percorrida em diferentes intensidades e o número de ações técnicas para os 4 diferentes JRC foram usadas para análise. O efeito dos JRC sobre o desempenho no teste de sprints de 30 m e altura do salto vertical também foram analisadas. Os JRC para GS provocaram distâncias significativamente menores em corrida de baixa intensidade (p=0.003; d=-0.95) e mais sprints (p=0.050; d=0.67) e maiores distâncias caminhando (p=0.035; d=2.60) e em sprint (p=0.029; d=0.75) comparado ao BP; (ii) o número de passes (curtos [p=0.002; d=1.10] e longos [p=0.013; d=0.82]) é maior nos JRC de BP que GS. O formato retangular permite maior ocorrência de passes longos que o modelo quadrado (p=0.036; d=0.64); (iii) o desempenho de salto vertical e velocidade não mudou (p>0.05) após os JRC. Concluindo, ações envolvendo sprints em número e distância são maiores no JRC com GS comparado ao BP, enquanto que JRC de BP favorecem o desenvolvimento do passe. Por fim, o campo retangular com BP estimula a realização de passes mais longos em jovens jogadores.

Propuesta de modelo técnico de pateo en fútbol: Una revisión sistemática de variables cinemáticas y cinéticas / Proposal of a Technical Model of Soccer Kicking: A Systematic Review of Kinematic and Kinetic Variables

Resumen Este artículo presenta una visión propositiva de la bibliografía actual en la técnica de pateo en fútbol. Los objetivos de la investigación son: (i) identificar las variables cinéticas y cinemáticas potenciales utilizadas en los análisis de la técnica y (ii) determinar los valores de variables cinéticas y cinemáticas en relación con la técnica de pateo en fútbol. Se revisaron las siguientes bases de datos; PubMed y Taylor and Francis online, para obtener artículos seleccionados desde 2000-2017. Se utilizó la metodología PRISMA®; se incluyeron artículos con participantes adultos o juveniles sobre la mecánica de pateo en fútbol a través de variables biomecánicas. Los artículos incluidos fueron 29, posteriormente se elaboró un modelo técnico compuesto por cuatro fases: preparación, balanceo, impacto y seguimiento. Una perspectiva biomecánica con base en la técnica podría ofrecer una estrategia prometedora para mejorar, a partir del entrenamiento y análisis de la técnica, el rendimiento en fútbol además de proveer antecedentes para la prevención de lesiones.

Abstract This article describes a propositive vision of the current literature on soccer kicking techniques. It aims to identify the potential kinetic and kinematic variables used in the analysis of the techniques, and to determine the values of kinetic and kinematic variables in relation to the kicking techniques in soccer. PubMed and Taylor & Francis online were reviewed to obtain selected articles from 2000 to 2017. PRISMA® methodology was implemented. Twenty-nine papers were selected; they considered kicking techniques in soccer young or adult participants through biomechanical variables. Then, a four-phase technical model was prepared: preparation, roll, impact, and follow-up phases. A technique-based biomechanical perspective can offer a promising strategy to improve, from training and technique analysis, the performance in football, in addition to providing a background for injury prevention.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma visão propositiva da bibliografia atual sobre a técnica do chute no futebol. Os objetivos da pesquisa são: (i) identificar as variáveis cinéticas e cinemáticas potenciais utilizadas na análise da técnica e (ii) determinar os valores das variáveis cinéticas e cinemáticas em relação à técnica de pontapés no futebol. As seguintes bases de dados foram revistas; PubMed e Taylor e Francis online, para artigos selecionados de 2000 a 2017. Foi utilizada a metodologia PRISMA®; foram incluídos artigos com participantes adultos ou juvenis sobre mecânica do chute de futebol através de variáveis biomecânicas. Os artigos incluídos foram 29, posteriormente foi desenvolvido um modelo técnico composto por quatro fases: preparação, balanceamento, impacto e acompanhamento. Uma perspectiva biomecânica baseada na técnica poderia oferecer uma estratégia promissora para melhorar, a partir do treinamento e da análise da técnica, o desempenho no futebol, bem como fornecer um pano de fundo para a prevenção de lesões.

Physical demand in soccer small-sided games: influence of team composition / Demanda física de pequenos jogos no futebol: influência do critério de composição das equipes / Demanda física en pequeños partidos en el fútbol: influencia del criterio de composición de los equipos

ABSTRACT Introduction Small-sided games (SSG) are used as training tools for physical conditioning in soccer. To date, however, it is unknown whether team composition affects athletes' physical performance. Specifically, based on the differences presented by players of different positions, it is expected that the use of positional status as a criterion for team composition will affect players' physical performance. Objective To compare the physical demands of SSG in teams composed of young soccer players in the same position or different positions. Methods 12 U-15 soccer players participated in the study. The athletes performed 3v3 SSGs under two conditions: teams in which the athletes played in the same position (i.e. three defenders), and teams in which the players took up different positions (i.e. defender, midfielder and attacker). Data were obtained on total distance traveled, distance in speed zones, and accelerations, using GPS devices. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test, comparing the two experimental conditions. Results There was higher physical demand among defenders and midfielders when the SSG was performed with athletes playing in the same position, in terms of distances covered in different speed zones. However, there were no differences in relation to acceleration actions. Conclusion Team composition affects the physical performance of soccer athletes during 3v3 SSG. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

RESUMO Introdução Pequenos jogos (PJ) são utilizados como meios de treinamento físico no futebol. Até o momento, contudo, desconhece-se se compor as equipes de diferentes formas para a realização dos jogos gera impacto no desempenho físico dos atletas. Especificamente, baseando-se nas diferenças apresentadas pelos jogadores de diferentes posições, espera-se que a utilização do estatuto posicional como critério para composição das equipes modifique o desempenho físico dos jogadores. Objetivo Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a demanda física dos pequenos jogos em equipes compostas por atletas de mesma posição ou de posições diferentes praticados por jovens atletas de futebol. Métodos Participaram do estudo 12 atletas de futebol da categoria sub-15. Os atletas realizaram PJ na estrutura 3v3 em duas condições: com equipes compostas por atletas de mesma posição (por exemplo, três defensores) ou com equipes compostas por atletas de posições diferentes (por exemplo, um defensor, um meio-campista e um atacante por equipe). Analisaram-se os dados referentes à distância total percorrida e à distância em faixas de velocidade e acelerações obtidos através do equipamento de GPS. Os dados foram comparados entre as situações experimentais por meio do teste t pareado. Resultados Os resultados apontaram maior demanda física entre os defensores e meio-campistas quando esses realizaram os PJ com atletas da mesma posição em relação às distâncias percorridas em diferentes faixas de velocidade, sem diferença nas ações de aceleração. Conclusão O critério de composição das equipes altera o desempenho físico dos atletas de futebol durante o pequeno jogo 3v3 . Nível de evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Introducción Pequeños partidos (PP) son utilizados como medios de entrenamiento físico en el fútbol. Hasta el momento, sin embargo, se desconoce si componer a los equipos de diferentes formas para la realización de los partidos genera impacto en el desempeño físico de los atletas. Específicamente, basándose en las diferencias presentadas por los jugadores de diferentes posiciones, se espera que la utilización del estatuto posicional como criterio para la composición de los equipos modifique el desempeño físico de los jugadores. Objetivo De esta forma, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la demanda física de los pequeños partidos en equipos compuestos por atletas de la misma posición o de posiciones diferentes practicados por jóvenes atletas de fútbol. Métodos Participaron en el estudio 12 atletas de fútbol de la categoría sub-15. Los atletas realizaron PP en la estructura 3 contra 3 en dos condiciones: con equipos compuestos por jugadores de la misma posición (por ejemplo, tres defensores), o con equipos compuestos por jugadores de posiciones diferentes (por ejemplo, un defensor, un mediocampista y un atacante por equipo). Se analizaron los datos referentes a la distancia total recorrida y la distancia en rangos de velocidad y aceleraciones, obtenidos a través del equipamiento de GPS. Se compararon los datos entre las situaciones experimentales por medio del test t pareado. Resultados Los resultados apuntaron mayor demanda física entre defensores y mediocampistas cuando esos realizaron los PP con atletas de la misma posición con relación a las distancias recorridas en diferentes rangos de velocidad, sin diferencia en las acciones de aceleración. Conclusión El criterio de composición de los equipos altera el desempeño físico de los atletas de fútbol durante el pequeño partido de 3 contra 3. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de casos.

Análise da velocidade e acurácia de movimentos em indivíduos após acidente vascular encefálico / Speed and accuracy of movement in individuals after stroke

The Stroke might cause alterations in movement control due to the sequels of this process. Objective: Analyze the speed-accuracy trade-off of upper limb movement in individuals with sequels of Stroke through a computer software. Method: It is about a cross-sectional study, the sample was composed of 46 individuals divided into two groups: individuals post-stroke, between the ages of 35 and 83 years old, in which 10 were women and 14 were men; and 22 healthy controls aligned by age and sex, in which 8 were women and 14 were men, evaluated through the instruments: Mini mental state examination, Orpington prognostic scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, dynamometer, box of blocks and throught the software "Fitts Reciprocal Aiming Task v.2.0. (Horizontal)", that seeks to understand the motor control of the upper limb, verifying the speed and accuracy of movement through a computer task. Results: The individuals with sequels of Stroke showed a loss in the strength of the palmar grip and manual function. Besides, they showed a longer time in movement in all index of difficulty compared to Control group. However, they showed a similar behaviour to the healthy individuals throughout the execution of the index of difficulty. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the individuals with sequels of Stroke showed a deficit of the motor control of the upper limb, compared to the healthy individuals, however, these showed the same behavior, with a bigger deficit in the accuracy of movement

The Stroke might cause alterations in movement control due to the sequels of this process. Objective: Analyze the speed-accuracy trade-off of upper limb movement in individuals with sequels of Stroke through a computer software. Method: It is about a cross-sectional study, the sample was composed of 46 individuals divided into two groups: individuals post-stroke, between the ages of 35 and 83 years old, in which 10 were women and 14 were men; and 22 healthy controls aligned by age and sex, in which 8 were women and 14 were men, evaluated through the instruments: Mini mental state examination, Orpington prognostic scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, dynamometer, box of blocks and throught the software "Fitts Reciprocal Aiming Task v.2.0. (Horizontal)", that seeks to understand the motor control of the upper limb, verifying the speed and accuracy of movement through a computer task. Results: The individuals with sequels of Stroke showed a loss in the strength of the palmar grip and manual function. Besides, they showed a longer time in movement in all index of difficulty compared to Control group. However, they showed a similar behaviour to the healthy individuals throughout the execution of the index of difficulty. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the individuals with sequels of Stroke showed a deficit of the motor control of the upper limb, compared to the healthy individuals, however, these showed the same behavior, with a bigger deficit in the accuracy of movement

Prediction Model for Nursing Work Outcome of Nurses: Focused on Positive Psychological Capital / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation model on nursing work outcomes based on Youssef and Luthans' positive psychological capital and integrated conceptual framework of work performance.METHODS: This study used a structured questionnaire administered to 340 nurses. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.RESULTS: Positive psychological capital showed indirect and direct effects on job satisfaction, retention intention, organizational citizenship behavior, and nursing performance. While, the nursing work environment had direct and indirect effects on job satisfaction and nursing performance, it only had indirect effects on intention to work and organizational citizenship behavior. Additionally, a mediating effect on retention intention and organizational citizenship behavior was found between job satisfaction and nursing performance variables.CONCLUSION: The nursing organization needs to build a supportive work environment and reinforce positive psychological capital to improve nursing performance. Additionally, it needs to actively manage the necessary parameters involved in the stages of job satisfaction, retention intention, nursing performance, and organizational citizenship behavior of nurses. The findings propose the continuous management of nursing personnel based on nurses' attitude outcome, behavioral intention, behavioral outcome, and stage of role performance.

Changes in tactical behavior during small-sided and conditioned games performed within a training session / Mudança no comportamento tático durante uma sessão de treinamento com pequenos jogos

Abstract This study aimed to verify the acute effects of 3vs.3 soccer small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) on the tactical behavior of youth soccer athletes within one training session. Twenty-four soccer athletes (U-13 and U-14 categories) from a professional club participated in the study. They played four 4-minute 3vs.3 SSCG with 4 minutes of passive recovery in-between. All SSCG were recorded and players' tactical behavior was analyzed using the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer. We compared the frequencies and percentages of successful tactical principles over the four 3vs.3 SSCG bouts performed within the training session. Results showed an increased number of defensive unity actions (p= 0.005; large effect size) and a higher percentage of successful defensive principles (p<0.001; moderate effect size) in the fourth bout. We can conclude that players' tactical behaviors change over the SSCG bouts performed within one training session. This suggests that players adapt their tactical behavior according to the tactical problems presented in the SSCG performed within the training session. We can suggest that the long-term improvement in the tactical skills of soccer athletes may be based on these small acute changes in tactical behavior observed in each training session.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito do pequeno jogo 3vs.3 sobre o comportamento tático de jovens jogadores de futebol em uma sessão de treinamento. Participaram do estudo 24 jogadores das categorias sub-13 e sub-14 de um clube professional. Realizaram-se quatro séries de quatro minutos do pequeno jogo 3vs.3 com quatro minutos de pausa passiva entre as séries. Todos os jogos foram filmados e analisou-se o comportamento tático por meio do Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol. Foram comparados a frequência e o percentual de acertos dos princípios táticos nas quatro séries dentro de uma sessão de treinamento. Os resultados evidenciaram aumento do número das ações de unidade defensiva (p= 0.005; tamanho do efeito grande) e do percentual de acerto dos princípios defensivos (p<0.001; tamanho do efeito moderado). Conclui-se haver mudança do comportamento tático durante as séries de pequenos jogos realizados dentro de uma sessão de treinamento. Sugere-se que os jogadores adaptam seus comportamentos conforme os problemas táticos emergentes nos pequenos jogos. Além disso, sugere-se que a melhoria da capacidade tática de jogadores de futebol possa se basear nestas pequenas mudanças agudas do comportamento tático observadas dentro de cada sessão de treinamento.

Reaching task performance is associated to neuromuscular junction adaptations in rats with induced diabetes mellitus

Upper limb performance is affected by diabetes mellitus (DM). Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a key structure to understand the relationship between performance and morphology in DM. The aim of the study was to analyze NMJ plasticity due to DM in an animal model and its relationship with the function of forelimbs in rats. Twelve Wistar rats were divided into control (C) and DM groups. Animals were trained to perform a grasping task, following procedures of habituation, shaping, and reaching task. DM was induced using streptozotocin. Forelimb neuromuscular performance for dexterity was evaluated one day before DM induction and five weeks following induction. After that, biceps, triceps, and finger flexors and extensors were removed. Connective tissue and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured. NMJ was assessed by its morphometric characteristics (area, perimeter, and maximum diameter), using ImageJ software. Motor performance analyses were made using single pellet retrieval task performance test. Student's t-test was used for comparisons between groups. A significant decrease in all NMJ morphometric parameters was observed in the DM group compared with the C group. Results showed that DM generated NMJ retraction in muscles involved in a reaching task. These alterations are related to signs of muscular atrophy and to poor reaching task performance. In conclusion, induced DM caused NMJ retraction and muscular atrophy in muscles involved in reaching task performance. Induced DM caused significantly lower motor performance, especially in the final moments of evaluation, when DM compromised the tropism of the muscular tissue.

Examining offensive tactical actions performed by youth soccer players with different competitive contexts / Examinando as ações táticas ofensivas realizadas por jovens futebolistas de diferentes contextos competitivos

ABSTRACT The study examined offensive tactical actions performed by U-15 soccer players with different competitive contexts. 34 matches played by three different contexts of U-15 soccer clubs were used; brazilian national (BN), brazilian regional (BR), and italian national (IN). Five categories where used to analyze the soccer offensive actions: "number of players involved" (NJ), "ball touches" (NT), "passes" (NP), "corridor changes" (NTC), and "duration of ball possession" (TRA); the results were coded using Match Vision Studio® software. The BN presented higher values in all five offensive categories (p < 0.05) when compared to the IN. Multinomial regression evidenced relative contributions of NJ and NP on the chances of results in the BN. The increase of one player involved in the offensive action decreases by 84% the chances of "total success" with respect to "unsuccessful" (p < 0.05). The performance of each additional pass increases 4.9 times the chance of the play ending in "total success" and 4.7 times (p < 0.05) in "partial success" when compared to the "unsuccessful" category. The NJ in the action and the NP have a direct influence on the outcome of the offensive actions of the BN.

RESUMO O estudo examinou ações táticas ofensivas realizadas por jogadores de futebol sub-15 em diferentes contextos competitivos. Foram analisados 34 jogos disputados por clubes sub-15 de três diferentes contextos competitivos, sendo estes: brasileiro nacional (BN), brasileiro regional (BR) e italiano nacional (IN). Cinco categorias foram utilizadas para analisar as ações futebolísticas ofensivas: "número de jogadores envolvidos" (NJ), "toques sobre a bola" (NT), "passes" (NP), "mudanças de corredor" (NTC) e "duração da posse de bola". "(TRA); os resultados foram codificados usando o software Match Vision Studio®. O BN apresentou valores maiores nas cinco categorias ofensivas (p <0,05) quando comparado ao IN. A regressão multinominal evidenciou contribuições relativas de NJ e NP nas chances de resultados no BN. O aumento de um jogador envolvido na ação ofensiva diminuiu em 84% as chances de "êxito total" em relação a "sem êxito" (p <0,05). O desempenho de cada passe adicional aumentou em 4,9 vezes a chance da jogada terminar em "êxito total" e 4,7 vezes (p <0,05) em "êxito parcial" quando comparado à categoria "sem êxito". O NJ na ação e o NP tiveram influência direta no resultado das ações ofensivas do BN.

Effects of match period and playing position on the individual and collective dynamics in professional soccer: a case study / Efeitos do tempo e posição de jogo nas dinâmicas individuais e coletivas no futebol profissional: um estudo de caso

Abstract This study aimed to compare the width, the length, the length per width ratio, and the stretch index between the first and the second halves in official soccer matches, and to compare the spatial exploration index between players from different positions. Seventeen professional soccer players from a Brazilian club participated in the study and were monitored during six official matches by a GPS device. Collective positional data were compared between the two halves using a paired t-test, while the spatial exploration index was compared between the playing positions and within the halves by a mixed two-way ANOVA. The results revealed no differences between the two halves for the collective variables. The highest values of spatial exploration index were reported for central midfielders and wing forwards. We conclude that the tactical behavior of professional soccer players is position-dependent, and midfielders are the most exploratory players on the pitch.

Resumo Este estudo comparou a largura, profundidade, razão entre profundidade largura e o índice de alongamento entre o primeiro e o segundo tempo de jogos oficiais de futebol, e o índice de exploração espacial entre jogadores de diferentes posições. Dezessete jogadores profissionais de futebol de um clube brasileiro participaram deste estudo e foram monitorados por um equipamento de GPS durante seis partidas oficiais do campeonato regional. Utilizou-se o teste t-pareado para comparar os dados coletivos entre os tempos de jogo, e uma ANOVA mista de duas vias para comparar a exploração espacial entre jogadores de diferentes posições nos dois tempos de jogo. Os resultados indicaram não haver diferença significativa nas variáveis coletivas entre os dois tempos de jogo. Maiores valores de exploração espacial foram reportados para meio-campistas e extremos. Conclui-se que o comportamento tático de jogadores profissionais é dependente da posição, e meio-campistas são os jogadores que mais exploram o campo de jogo.